TARGETING TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT IN METASTATIC CANCER
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of global mortality, accounting for approximately one in six deaths worldwide, with an estimated 9.6 million deaths predicted in 2018. Disproportionately, 70% of cancer-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. At its core, cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells, resulting from accumulated DNA alterations, which ultimately form a tumor. Accumulated oncogenic mutations allow tumor cells to proliferate and migrate without restriction, aid in invasion and colonization, trigger widespread angiogenesis, and spread. Malignant neoplasms, another name for cancer, are characterized by unchecked cell proliferation that has the capacity to penetrate and spread to other organs. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women and the second leading cause of death globally, accounting for 9.6 million deaths in 2018. The number of instances is expected to rise in the near future. Recent studies have shown that the overexpression of metastasis-associated protein (MTA1), which stimulates angiogenesis, is closely linked to the metastasis of breast cancer and other malignant tumors. The use of the tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target for cancer has greatly increased in both research and clinical interest. Here, we highlight the difficulties in focusing on the tumor microenvironment to attain therapeutic efficacy and provide an overview of the recent developments in this area in both drug development and clinical trials. address ways to influence the pro-tumor milieu and optimize therapeutic outcomes, as well as investigate novel technologies and methodologies to better understand the tumor microenvironment.
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