MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA
Abstract
The biggest and most significant hazard to human treatment of infectious diseases is antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. It raises the morbidity and mortality rate, also compromises the therapeutic potential and increases the expense of successful therapy. This hazard is mostly caused by rising industrialization, significant population mobility, and the use of antibiotics. Bacteria can develop drug resistance by spontaneous mutations or the transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARG) from one species to another. It is mostly caused by the long-term selective pressure that the sensitive ones apply in congested areas like blood or water bodies. Mobile genetic elements like integrons, transposons, bacteriophages, and plasmids may be the means of this transfer. There is growing evidence in recent reports that phages mobilize ARGs by generalized transduction and bestow resistance. The topic of whether horizontal transfer can be one of the key ways that drug resistance is spread at the environmental level and whether it can result in zoonotic transmission was brought up by a larger percentage of phages in environmental samples that carried antibiotic resistance genes. The problem has a significant influence on public health; hence risk analysis and containment strategies should be thoroughly studied
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